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Life imprisonment in Russia was introduced on December 17, 1992, by the law 4123-I. Courts could not sentence criminals to life imprisonment at that time. Only those who had been sentenced to death penalty could have their sentences commuted to life imprisonment. When the new Criminal Code of Russia was adopted in 1996, life imprisonment became a separate punishment. ==Overview== Article 57 part 2 of the Criminal Code of Russia forbids women, men that were below the age of 18 at the time of the offense and men that were over the age of 65 at sentencing from being sentenced to life imprisonment. The maximum penalty for a single murder is 25 years pre ordinary crimes, or 30 years for murder with exceptional circumstances (which is for men that are aged 65 and over as well as women). If the offender was below the age of 18 at the time of the offense, the maximum sentence is 10 years' imprisonment. However, if an male offender commits more than one murder at the age of between 18 and 65, the penalty is life imprisonment. Since 2002 changes have been made in Criminal Code of Russia. Multiple crimes with the same subject and direct object (simply - one article of Criminal Code) are counted as one crime for the sentence (counts separately for each offender), with these exceptions: * Crimes committed by minors are counted as the first, but only the final result is taken into the total sentence. * If the special object of the crime has changed or de facto never been, its counts as attempt to special subject crime in addition to the committed crime. * If the offender neither knows nor sees the special subject, it doesn't count as a special subject crime (but it may be as "regular" crime). Thus, multiple life sentences are redundant, unless the offender commits a homicide. Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment are held in maximum security prisons (e.g. VK-240/2 White Swan (prison) in Solikamsk). After 25 years or 30 years (if a male offender is aged 65 years and over), a criminal sentenced to life imprisonment may apply to a court for "conditional early release" (''условно-досрочное освобождение'') if the prisoner has made no serious violations of prison rules, and has not committed a serious crime during imprisonment but this can only be for a conviction involving a single murder. Parole, if granted, may carry restrictions, such as that the subject may not change residence, visit certain locations, and so forth. If the criminal commits a new offense, the court may retract the parole. If the application for parole is declined however, a new application can be filed 3 years later. As life imprisonment was introduced in Russia in 1992 (as a pardon at death penalty replacement), if no changes in law are made, the first prisoners will become eligible for parole in 2017. As of September 1, 2012 there were 1805 prisoners serving life sentences in Russia.〔()〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Life imprisonment in Russia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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